Recovery and reuse of sugar-derived nonionic surfactants from aqueous solutions

ABSTRACT

Contaminated aqueous systems can be cleaned using an ultra-filtration process that allows for the recovery of high yields of the surfactant employed therein for recycle and reuse. The system employs a specific class of sugar-derived nonionic surfactants which remain polar and solvated at the higher operating temperatures of the system. Specifically, these are sugar-derived nonionic surfactants more definitively known as the alkyl polyglycosides and the alkyl glucomides. The surfactant/contaminant-containing aqueous system is ultra-filtered resulting in the surfactant passing through with the permeate at extremely high yields for recovery and reuse.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/936,826 filed on Sep. 25, 1997.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the unexpected discovery of a class of nonionic surfactants which demonstrates improved surfactant recovery from aqueous solutions upon ultrafiltration.

Aqueous wastewater solutions containing waste and surfactant used to clean it are generated from industrial metal cleaning processes used in metal stamping, grinding, oil drilling and machining operations. Because of environmental and economic concerns, it is important to remove and desirably recover for reuse the active surfactant ingredients from these aqueous by-product or waste solutions. The recovery and recycling of surfactants from treated aqueous solutions not only reduces or eliminates the discharge of contaminated water into the environment, but also reduces the overall cost of these industrial processes. The separation and recovery of these surfactants from the waste water is of particular importance in processing aqueous solutions containing surfactants as they can be a costly component of the solution.

Ultrafiltration equipment can be used to overcome certain waste disposal problems in connection with aqueous solutions, whether using polymeric or sintered metal/sintered metal oxide filters. The economics of these processes in recovering surfactants have been seriously hampered since many of the conventional surfactants are not recoverable in the permeate. The ability to recycle and reuse these surfactants from aqueous solutions is significantly reduced thereby necessitating the addition of more surfactant to bring the amount in solution to the original level. This is a significant problem in the treatment of contaminated water systems since the loss of the original surfactant and the subsequent need for the addition of more becomes expensive.

Waste water treatment systems have been disclosed that claim significant recovery of water-based cleaning systems in the permeate upon ultrafiltration although in reality considerable dissatisfaction has been expressed concerning the filterability and recovery of existing water-based cleaning formulations. Whereas U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,937 to Bhave et al. asserts to disclose aqueous cleaning systems wherein high percentages of the cleaner passes through the filter in the permeate for recycling, the amount of cleaner in the permeate is measured by HCl titration which is actually a measure of the caustic or sodium hydroxide present, not the surfactant. Most of the nonionic surfactants disclosed therein do not in fact pass through the membrane.

It is known that certain sultaine surfactants as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,159 to Nadolsky provide effective surfactant properties in highly alkaline cleaning solutions making them useful in paint stripping compositions, hard surface cleaners, oven cleaners, wax strippers, degreasers, aluminum cleaners and bottle washing compositions. At lower alkalinities, they have proven effective in laundry and dish washing detergents and hand cleansers. However, these surfactants are not taught to provide any significant benefits when used in connection with an ultrafiltration-based water treatment and surfactant separation and recovery system.

As discussed above, U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,937 to Bhave et al. discloses a method for the recovery of a surfactant-containing solution from an aqueous contaminant stream using nonionic surfactants, among others. Whereas high yields of cleaning formulation is asserted to be recovered from the permeate, the amount that comprises the surfactant is really unknown since only the amount of sodium hydroxide present in the system is determined through the titration of the permeate with hydrochloric acid.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,480 to Dahanayake et al. on the other hand discloses the use of certain amphoteric surfactants, namely sultaines, in aqueous contaminant-containing streams. These surfactants, due to the nature of their pH dependent charge, are able to pass through the ultra-filtration membrane and are recovered in the permeate in very high amounts.

The present invention is directed to the finding that surfactant-containing aqueous compositions containing a certain class of nonionic surfactants unexpectedly provide improved surfactant recovery in the permeate after ultrafiltration. More particularly, it is discovered that a certain class of sugar-derived surfactants provide superior surface activity in aqueous cleaner systems while at the same time are able to pass through the filtration membranes for efficient recycling capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has unexpectedly been found that increased surfactant recovery can be obtained upon ultrafiltration of contaminated aqueous solutions containing certain nonionic surfactants which, when ultrafiltered, are able to pass through the ultrafiltration membrane resulting in increased surfactant recovery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the recovery of high yields of several specific sugar-derived nonionic surfactants from the permeate of a recyclable cleaning system wherein said nonionic surfactants remain polar and solvated at the higher operating temperatures of the ultafiltration process.

The present invention also provides a process for the filtration of contaminants from an aqueous surfactant/contaminant-containing solution by passing it through an ultrafiltration membrane, preferably a metal oxide membrane on a ceramic support.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a process for separating a surfactant in an aqueous solution containing contaminants such as oils, greases, waxes, emulsified lubricants, etc., by passing the solution cross-flow through a multi-channel sintered monolithic metal/metal oxide ultrafiltration membrane on a ceramic support to form a permeate of surfactant for recovery. The sintered metal oxide membrane has a nominal pore size in the range of about 50 to 1000 Angstroms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In an effort to provide superior water treatment recycle systems, it has been unexpectedly and surprisingly discovered that a high degree of surfactant recovery can be obtained using standard ultrafiltration membranes with certain sugar-derived nonionic surfactant systems. The particular nonionic surfactants useful in the process of the present invention are added to the contaminant-containing waste stream at standard operating temperatures and while the sugar-derived surfactants pass through the ultrafiltration membrane and are recovered in high concentrations in the permeate, the contaminants and other materials are held back by the filter in the retentate.

In general, the majority of non-ionic surfactants used in industry are non-polar at the standard operating temperatures of most ultra-filtration processes. In the non-polar state, these surfactants are not water soluble and are more oil-like when mixed in an aqueous system. As a result, most if not nearly all nonionic surfactants which otherwise exhibit superior surface active properties cannot pass through the ultra-filtration membranes to a large degree and are not readily recoverable from the system for recovery and re-use. The vast majority of the non-polar cleaners used in the prior art face this problem.

Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that when surfactants are mixed in aqueous systems, the surfactant becomes solubilized by forming hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. The surfactant thereby becomes hydrated. As the temperature of the system is increased, the surfactant/water hydrogen bonds are broken and the surfactant becomes dehydrated. This is known as the dehydration or cloud point. As this occurs, the non-polarity or hydrophobicity of the surfactant molecule increases and the molecules become insoluble in water but highly soluble in oil.

Whereas most compounds become more water soluble as the temperature of the system is increased, the non-ionic, sugar-derived surfactants of the present invention exhibit reverse solubility characteristics; i.e. increasing the temperature of the aqueous solution renders them less water soluble. Since the aqueous surfactant/contaminant-containing solutions from the industrial processes of concern are heated to temperatures well above 100° C., this presents a problem with respect to ultrafiltration of the surfactant, separation and recovery.

The present invention utilizes certain nonionic surfactants whose dehydration or cloud point is either above that of the temperature at which the ultra-filtration process is run or that of the boiling point of water. These surfactants then, as opposed to other nonionic surfactants known in the art, retain their polarity, thereby maintaining the hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. They therefore remain solubilized in water and will pass through the ultrafiltration membrane so as to be easily recoverable at high concentrations from the permeate.

The nonionic surfactants useful in the practice of the present invention are those which could be generically regarded as sugar-derived nonionic surfactants. More specifically, these sugar-derived nonionic surfactants useful in the process of the present invention comprise alkyl polysaccharides selected from the group comprising polyglycosides, alkyl polyglucosides and all glucomides that consist of cyclic forms of glucose in which the hydrogen of the hemiacetal group has been replaced with an alkyl or aryl group, or an oxyethylene alkyl or aryl moiety. The compounds would therefore be structurally represented as follows: ##STR1## wherein R is a C₄ to C₁₂ straight or branched chain alkyl group and x is a number of from about 1 to about 20. More specifically, alkyl polyglucomides would be structurally represented as: ##STR2##

The glucomide can also exist in the open ring form when hydrated as represented by: ##STR3##

The surfactant-containing solutions of the invention can contain, in addition to the surfactants described hereinbefore, other materials such as silicates, phosphates, pyrophosphates and polyphosphates, for example, in the form of the sodium salts. Other additives that may be present include the C₁ -C₆ lower alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers, chelating agents, and thickeners such as amides, cellulose derivatives, builders such as phosphates and sequestering agents/buffers and polyacrylates. In some cases, additional anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic or cationic surface active agents including corrosion inhibitors and hydrotropes can also be present. Agents to reduce foaming may also be useful in certain applications. Additional surfactants that can be incorporated in minor amounts are the linear or branched a alkyl sulfates, sulfonates, phosphate esters, carboxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylated fatty acid amides and alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds.

Typically, aqueous surfactant-containing solutions utilized in accordance with the invention can contain surfactants in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 40, and preferably from about 0.1 to 10, active percent by weight of the solution. Concentrated solutions, generally designed for dilution can contain higher percentages, such as up to about 40% active weight percent of the surfactants.

The solutions of the present invention can be filtered, preferably using a polymeric, ceramic or metal/metal oxide sintered filter on a ceramic backing. For example, an ultrafiltration membrane system generally includes a feed tank and a separation membrane unit that is composed of a metal oxide membrane, e.g., titanium or zirconium oxide, optionally, with a yttrium oxide stabilizer, on a ceramic carrier, e.g., alpha-alumina with or without titanium dioxide having 1 or more channels on a monolithic support The flux should be maintained at levels to allow soils to be concentrated in the retentate with minimal fouling through extended operating times while passing the surfactant-containing solution through the filter to be recovered in the permeate for recycling and reuse. While an effective pore size is easily determinable by a skilled artisan, nominal pore sizes of less than about 1,000 Angstroms and preferably less than about 500 Angstroms can be used. The rate of filtering can vary depending on filter pore size, pressure, temperature and the like.

As used herein, the term "contaminants" may include, either singly or in mixtures, oils used in metal stamping, forming, bending, grinding, drilling, machining, and polishing; low to medium molecular weight hydrocarbons; paraffinic soils; waxes; petrolatum; non-chlorinated high viscosity hydrocarbons; chlorinated and sulfirized hydrocarbons; mineral oils; and vegetable oils. Also included in this term are materials which are partially soluble in the aqueous solution or which form stable micro-emulsions in water such as polyethylene and polypropylene glycol, oil-surfactant blends, water-soluble cutting fluids, machining coolants, unsaturated mono-, di-, and triglycerides, animal fats, fatty acids, and esters. The term "contaminants" also includes insoluble solids such as extremely fine structural material particulates; inorganic, inert, or elemental solid particulates; and metal oxide particulates not dissolved by the particular surfactant-containing aqueous solution.

The following examples are provided to disclose particular methods in which one skilled in the art might practice specific embodiments of the present invention. They are for illustrative purposes only, and it is recognized that minor changes and variations might be made with respect to the compositions and the process parameters employed. It is to be understood then that to the extent any such changes or variations do not materially change the process and the final results achieved thereby, such changes are deemed to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as later defined by the claims.

EXAMPLE I

Filterable surfactants of the present invention were evaluated against a commercially available composition by comparing the concentration of surfactant in solution before and after passing through an ultrafiltration membrane filter, KERASEP (Tech Sep). The two surfactants analyzed were a C₉ to C₁₁ alkyl polyglycoside (APG 325) and a C₈ to C₁₀ alkyl polyglucoside (Triton BG10). These were compared with a standard commercially available nonionic surfactant, Brulin 63G.

Two gallons of each surfactant solution of an activity as stated in Tables 1-3 below were prepared and charged into the working tank of the filtration unit The working tank solution was heated and maintained at 52+/-2° C. as the solution was circulated through the membrane. The inlet pressure was adjusted to 20psi. The retentate and permeate were looped back to the working tank so that the concentration of working tank solution was constant throughout the process. Sample solution were collected from the permeate and working tank at set time intervals. The percentage of surfactants that permeated through the filter was expressed as the radio of permeate concentration to working tank concentration. The surfactant concentrations were determined by surface tension measurement techniques.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         PERCENTAGE OF AN ALKYL POLYGLYCOSIDE                                           PASSING THROUGH THE MEMBRANE                                                   (Initial conc. (Ci) = 0.12% active 0.1 μm pore size)                                    Cp/Ci(%)                                                                  Min  (wt % active)                                                      ______________________________________                                                 5   70.0                                                                       30  70.0                                                                       60  70.0                                                                      120  65.0                                                                      180  40.0                                                                      240  30.0                                                               ______________________________________                                          Surfactant dehydration/cloud point >100° C.                       

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         PERCENTAGE OF A C.sub.8 TO C.sub.10 ALKYL POLYGLUCOSIDE                        SURFACTANT PASSING THROUGH THE MEMBRANE                                        (Initial conc. (Ci) = 0.12% active, 0.1 μm pore size)                                   Cp/Ci(%)                                                                  Min  (wt % active)                                                      ______________________________________                                                 5   75.0                                                                       30  76.0                                                                       60  72.0                                                                      120  70.0                                                                      180  55.0                                                                      240  50.0                                                               ______________________________________                                          Surfactant dehydration/cloud point >100° C.                       

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         PERCENTAGE OF BRULIN 63G PASSING THROUGH                                       THE MEMBRANE                                                                   (Initial conc. (Ci) = 3% Brulin 63G, pH = `as is` active, 0.1 μm pore       size)                                                                                      Cp/Ci(%)                                                                  Min  (wt % active)                                                      ______________________________________                                                 5   10.5                                                                       30  10.3                                                                       60  10.1                                                                      120  9.6                                                                       240  8.4                                                                ______________________________________                                          Surfactant dehydration/cloud point >30° C.                        

As can be seen from a review of the recovery analysis data, the sugar-derived class of nonionic surfactants of the present invention pass through the membranes in the permeate to a much greater extent than those known in the prior art. Better recovery yields result in more efficient operations and cost savings with a higher purity surfactant recycled. 

What we claim is:
 1. A process for the recovery of surfactants from an aqueous surfactant/contaminant-containing solution wherein said solution is ultrafiltered in order to recover said surfactant from the permeate for recycle and re-use, said process comprising the use of a sugar-derived nonionic surfactant that remains polar and solvated at the operating temperature of the ultrafiltration system.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said sugar-derived nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl polysaccharides and mixtures thereof.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said alkyl polysaccharide is selected from the group comprising alkyl polyglycoside, alkyl polyglucosides, alkyl glucomides and mixtures thereof.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said alkyl polysaccharide comprises a cyclic form of glucose in which the hydrogen of the hemiacetal hydroxyl has been replaced with an alkyl, aryl or oxyethylene alkyl or aryl moiety.
 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said alkyl polyglycoside and an alkyl polyglucoside surfactant are represented by the structural formula: ##STR4## wherein R is a C₄ to C₁₂ straight or branched chain alkyl and x is a number of from about 1 to
 20. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein said alkyl glucomide is represented by the formula: ##STR5## wherein R is a C₄ to C₁₂ straight or branched chain alkyl and x is a number of about 1 to 20 with the further proviso that the glucose ring can exist in its dehydrated or hydrated form.
 7. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the amount of nonionic surfactant in said aqueous surfactant/contaminant-containing solution is from about 0.01% to about 40% by weight.
 8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the amount of nonionic surfactant in said aqueous surfactant/contaminant containing solution is from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight.
 9. A process as claimed in claim 8 wherein the amount of said nonionic surfactant in said aqueous surfactant/contaminant containing solution is from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
 10. The process of claim 9 wherein said surfactant/contaminant solution further comprises additional excipients selected from the group consisting of silicates, phosphates, pyrophosphates, polyphosphates and their sodium salts, C₁ -C₆ lower alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers, chelating agents, amides, thickeners, cellulose derivatives, phosphate builders, sequestering agents, buffers, polyacrylates, corrosion inhibitors, hydrotropes, anti-foam agents, sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, dibasic acids, phosphate esters, alkyl carboxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylated fatty acid amides and alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and mixtures thereof.
 11. A process according to claim 10 wherein said aqueous solution is ultrafiltered using an ultrafiltration membrane selected from the group consisting of polymeric, ceramic and metal/metal oxide membranes sintered on a ceramic support. 